Chancellor (senior Judge) Robert R. Livingston, of New York, administers the presidential oath of office to non-partisan (nationalist) former Commander-in-Chief George Washington, of the Continental Army: “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”  Washington is receiving from the Ninth Confederation Congress a continental debt of 70,000,000.00 Dollars, which is 41% of the Gross National Product, distributed at 18 Dollars, per person.

       NOTE: The Union is still paying for the first American Revolution through lawful Indirect (tariffs and excise) taxes placed upon manufactured goods.   

       [restored 2/6/2021]

       This Constitutional language does not require any religious test, as it states an affirmation is equal to an oath for this purpose.  Ad libs, such as: “So help me god” are gratuitous as the word “swear” has accomplished that purpose.  Such gratuities are mere puffery, more campaigning. –– JL