The Supreme Court, of the corporate United States, hands down Springer v. United states: while the 1862 federal income tax is unlawful, the 1864 federal income tax is not, nor is the federal income tax a Direct tax, but rather an indirect, excise tax.
NOTE: An Indirect tax is one that CAN be avoided, or passed onto someone else; a Direct tax is a tax that can NOT be avoided. The income tax cannot be avoided, therefore it is a Direct tax—a violation of Article I, Section 9 [Clause 4].
[restored 5/13/2022]
Subsequent Events:
Authority:
“Law of the Jungle”
ccc-2point0.com/preface
References:
Calvin D. Linton, ed., The Bicentennial Almanac: 200 Years of America, 1776-1976, (Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 1975), 220.
Springer v. United States – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_v._United_States#Rulings
us events
www.duke.edu/~charvey/Country_risk/chronology/us-events.htm
Current U.s. National Debt:
