Charles II (a secret Catholic, r. 1649 – 1651, in Scotland; 1660 – 1685, in England and Scotland),  issues the Charter of Pennsylvania to William Penn, a Quaker-pacifist minister authorizing him to:

• Preach the Gospel to the indi(genous Americ)an tribes;
• Equitably divide the colony into incorporated counties and towns;
• Organize a colonial militia to protect colonists against highwaymen and other predators;
• Impose no tax upon the colony without the consent of Parliament.

       [updated 10/19/2024]