James Madison, a former Delegate, from the Commonwealth of Virginia, to the Constitutional Convention, using the penname “Publius,” publishes “Federalist #57,” assuring that oligarchy will not result if the proposed Constitution for the united States is ratified, as Congress will be subject to the statutes it writes for the rest of the Union.  In paragraph four he writes,

       … [I]n the situation of the House of Representatives, restraining them from oppressive measures, that they can make no law which will not have its full operation on themselves and their friends, as well as on the great mass of the society. …

       [restored 12/7/2024]