The court of appeals of new york hands down Haddock v. City of New York, inventing the “Professional Judgment Rule”:

       Whether absolute or qualified, this immunity reflects a value judgment that—despite injury to a member of the public—the broader interest in having government officers and employees free to exercise judgment and discretion in their official functions, unhampered by fear of second-guessing and retaliatory lawsuits, outweighs the benefits to be had from imposing liability for that injury.

       [added 1/28/2023] Thanks to Freedom’s Phoenix for this entry.