Democratic (constitutionalist) de facto Representative Clemet L. Vallandigham, of the federal enclave of Ohio, acknowledged leader of the “Copperhead” (pro-Confederate) faction of the party coins the Copperhead slogan, “To maintain the Constitution as it is, and to restore the [voluntary] Union as it was.”

       NOTE: The slogan suggests that it was the Copperheads who were there true patriots: They did not attempt to alter or ignore the Constitution, nor did they really wish to see the voluntary Union dissolved.  Rather they sought to preserve State sovereignty.

       [added 4/1/2022]

       The Battle of McDowell/Sitlington’s Hill (Virginia): Lieutenant General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson, commanding the Second Corps of the Confederate (a voluntary union) of the Army of Northern Virginia, defeats the compulsory Union Army of Virginia, commanded by Brigadier General Robert H. Milroy.

       [restored 2/15/2025]