Anti-Washington (constitutionalist) Representative James Madison, of the Commonwealth of Virginia, publishes “Political Observations, ” warning of the danger to freedom that can result from bloated military spending:

       Of all the enemies of true liberty, war is, perhaps, the most to be dreaded, because it comprises and develops the germ of every other.

       War is the parent of armies; from these proceed debts and taxes; and armies, and debts, and taxes are the known instruments for bringing the many under the domination of the few.

       In war, too, the discretionary power of the Executive is extended; its influence in dealing out offices, honors and emoluments is multiplied; and all the means of seducing the minds, are added to those of subduing the force, of the people.

       The same malignant aspect in republicanism may be traced in the inequality of fortunes, and the opportunities of fraud, growing out of a state of war, and in the degeneracy of manner and of morals, engendered in both.

       No nation can preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare.

             War is in fact the true nurse of executive aggrandizement.  In war, a physical force is to be created; and it is the executive will, which is to direct it.

       In war, the public treasuries are to be unlocked; and it is the executive hand which is to dispense them.

       In war, the honors and emoluments of office are to be multiplied; and it is the executive patronage under which they are to be enjoyed; and it is the executive brow they are to encircle.

       The strongest passions and most dangerous weaknesses of the human breast; ambition, avarice, vanity, the honorable or venal love of fame, are all in conspiracy against the desire and duty of peace. [emphasis added]

[added 10/29/2021]