The Cuban Race War of 1912 begins: Three years after the withdrawal of the Army and Navy of the United states, President Jose Miguel Gomez y Arias, commanding the Army of Cuba, defeats the Independent Militia of Color, commanded by Evaristo Estenoz, a former slave and veteran of Cuban War for Independence.

       Postscript: The Army of Cuba was so battered by this Pyrrhic victory that Gomez requested President Taft dispatch Soldiers from the Army of the United states to firm up his rule. 

       NOTES:

• So ended the U.s.’ fifth attempt at nation building, bringing its total success/failure record to (successes, 0; failures, 2.
• While “nation-building is a laudable goal, Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution for the united States says that “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government”; it does NOT state that “The United States shall guarantee to every nation on this planet a Republican Form of Government” [emphasis added].

       [added 4/6/2025]