Guillermo David Endara Galimany’s four-year term as President of Panama ends, following the U.s. sponsored regime change that saw the end of the military dictatorship of General Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno. Endara saw his popularity slide from 70% approval, upon becoming President, to a low of 19% within two years, as unemployment rose to 19% and he personally profited from corruption.
NOTES:
- So ended the U.s.’ 17th attempt at nation-building, bringing its total success/failure record to (successes, 1; failures, 15; and one toss-up).
- While “nation-building is a laudable goal, Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution for the united States says that “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government”; it does NOT state that “The United States shall guarantee to every nation on this planet a Republican Form of Government” [emphasis added].
[added 10/10/2025]
Subsequent Events:
References:
Doug Bandow, “Nation-Building’s Grim Record,” Orange County (California) Register, 25 April 2003, Local:7.
PolicyBrief#24 – Policybrief24.pdf
carnegieendowment.org/files/Policybrief24.pdf
Guillermo Endara – Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Endara
Current U.s. National Debt:
