The Cold War continues: To keep his citizens from escaping to the west, dictator Walter Ulbricht, of the communist Democratic Republic of (East) Germany, orders the Berlin Wall constructed.  Observation towers, police dogs, land mines and border guards with shoot-to-kill orders are placed at the wall to ensure no one leaves the “workers’ paradise.”

        NOTE: Karl Hess, a speech writer for senator Barry Goldwater, of the Federal enclave of Arizona, observed that when the Berlin Wall went up, it was the signal to the world that communism was doomed to fail; and that it was only a matter of time before communism would collapse, and the wall itself would come back down.

        [added 9/30/2022]