The supreme court, of the corporate United states, hands down Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (kansas), overturning Plessy v. Ferguson: via the fraudulent 14th amendment, the doctrine of “separate but equal” is unlawful:

       Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments.  Compulsory school attendance laws and the great expenditures for education both demonstrate our recognition of the importance of education to our democratic society.  It is required in the performance of our most basic public responsibilities, even service in the armed forces.  It is the very foundation of good citizenship.  Today it is a principal instrument in awakening the child to cultural values, in preparing him for later professional training, and in helping him to adjust normally to his environment.  In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education.  Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms.

       NOTES:

• In rendering this decision, the court totally ignored the equal protection provisions in kansas’ constitution of 1861.
• In addition to the 14th amendment, Earl Warren, chief justice of the United states relied upon controversial educational studies arguing that children of racial minorities did better when they competed against children of European descent.

       [restored 9/17/2022]