Harmodio Arias Madrid leads a successful coup d’etat against President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena Guillen, of Panama.
NOTES:
- So ended the U.s.’ third attempt at nation building, bringing its total success/failure record to (successes, 0; failures 5).
- While nation-building is a laudable goal, Article IV, Section 4 of the Constitution for the united States says that “The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government”; it does NOT state that “The United States shall guarantee to every nation on this planet a Republican Form of Government” [emphasis added].
[added 4/19/2025]
Subsequent Events:
References:
Doug Bandow, “Nation-Building’s Grim Record,” Orange County (California) Register, 25 April 2003, Local:7.
PolicyBrief#24 – Policybrief24.pdf
carnegieendowment.org/files/Policybrief24.pdf
PANAMA: 15-Hour Coup – TIME
content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,930288,00.html
Panama – Countries – Office of the Historian
history.state.gov/countries/panama
Current U.s. National Debt:
