The legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia passes the “Virginia Resolutions” (ghost written by Republican (constitutionalist) former Representative James Madison, of Virginia) protesting the usurpations of federal power by the Alien and Sedition Acts:

       That the General Assembly … express its deep regret, that a spirit … been manifested by the federal government to enlarge its powers by forced constructions of the constitutional charter which defines them … and so as to consolidate the [S]tates, by degrees, into one sovereignty, the obvious tendency and inevitable consequence of which would be, to transform the present republican system of the [u]nited States, into an absolute, or, at best, a mixed monarchy.

       [restored 11/6/2021]